Duration of urination does not change with body size

I was searching for “froude number diameter” (something that won’t mean anything except to a hydrologist – or maybe ship builder) and I came across this stunning piece of research:

Significance

Animals eject fluids for waste elimination, communication, and defense from predators. These diverse systems all rely on the fundamental principles of fluid mechanics, which we use to predict urination duration across a wide range of mammals. In this study, we report a mathematical model that clarifies misconceptions in urology and unifies the results from 41 independent urological and anatomical studies. The theoretical framework presented may be extended to study fluid ejection from animals, a universal phenomenon that has received little attention.

Abstract

Many urological studies rely on models of animals, such as rats and pigs, but their relation to the human urinary system is poorly understood. Here, we elucidate the hydrodynamics of urination across five orders of magnitude in body mass. Using high-speed videography and flow-rate measurement obtained at Zoo Atlanta, we discover that all mammals above 3 kg in weight empty their bladders over nearly constant duration of 21 ± 13 s. This feat is possible, because larger animals have longer urethras and thus, higher gravitational force and higher flow speed. Smaller mammals are challenged during urination by high viscous and capillary forces that limit their urine to single drops. Our findings reveal that the urethra is a flow-enhancing device, enabling the urinary system to be scaled up by a factor of 3,600 in volume without compromising its function. This study may help to diagnose urinary problems in animals as well as inspire the design of scalable hydrodynamic systems based on those in nature.

Source

Posted in Climate | 1 Comment

Guardian lays off 310

There seems to be something in the air with climate. First the Australian government layed off 350 self-styled “scientists”, now the Guardian is doing the same for so called “Journalists” (and other staff).
It couldn’t happen to a more deserving paper. Their vile hatred against everyone else for using fossil fuels as they squandered the earnings from AutoTrader showed a scientifically illiterate newspapers with no moral compass and no financial sense.
My only regret with the job losses, is that this bandaid fix will enable the paper to keep going just that much longer before it eats through its fossil fuel earnings and closes its doors.

Posted in Climate | 5 Comments

Trump the revolution?

For a while I’ve been saying that the internet has fundamentally changed the behaviour of society. In the UK, it has led to the arrival of UK, the Greens and in Scotland the massive and unexpected support for the “non-mainstream” party of the SNP.That revolution is still to be felt in the US – where I predicted that a “third party” would enter politics. But from comments about Trump, I’m beginning to wonder weather Trump is that “third party” – and that far from being an “also ran” as UKIP and the greens in the UK, he may actually be in power.

But first, I need to recap and (in some areas) elaborate on how changes in communication technology directly cause political revolutions .

Writing

For obvious reasons as history starts with writing (history is the period for written records) – we don’t know how writing changed society. But we do know society after writing was one in which written knowledge was hugely expensive – usually taking months, of even years to produce just one books – so things like books could only be afforded by the very largest institutions like Church and State. But even so, the transference of knowledge was very slow typically taking decades or even centuries to migrate between countries let alone continents.

Printing

Printing itself was not so much a technological revolution, as an economic revolution making the cost of creating books and thus storing knowledge vastly cheaper than before. As such we start seeing things like books (e.g. Shakespeare) and Newspapers but most importantly of all – we start seeing key books like the Bible being held by (prosperous) individuals and not just Church & State.

And so, as control of knowledge, left the Church/State and went toward prosperous individuals and their associations, we see that power in society followed and from the 16th century onwards we see a series of revolutions in Europe, whereby the once powerful church/state is replaced with power  based on associations of the richer individuals of society.

So, we can attribute the following directly to printing:

  • The division of Catholic church and the rise of protestants (who were led by the PRINTED “book” and not the authority of the pope.
  • The beheading of Charles I in Britain
  • Leading to the French Revolution, etc, etc.

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Posted in Climate | 5 Comments

The stupidest reply yet

I sent a Letter to the head poncho in Scotland explaining how Scotland would be particularly susceptible to the rapid onset global cooling that has occurred numerous times around 10,000 years after the end of the ice age.
As you can see, the letter I received made no mention of the massive cooling effects – indeed “cooling” is not even mentioned, so I doubt they even read the email. Instead it is a bullshitting reply about the totally separate and even by their own figures insignificant and currently not happening warming from CO2.
In other words, a factually wrong, copy and paste response from someone who is so clueless of the subject they wouldn’t know the difference between global cooling and a doughnut.
I have asked for someone who actually understands the subject to reply to my original letter
Our ref: 2016/0006508
16 March 2016
Dear Mr Haseler
Thank you for your correspondence of 18 February to the First Minister regarding climate
change. I have been asked to reply. The Scottish Government’s approach to climate change is based on the best available evidence used in the international decision making process, and the evidence is clear that the global climate is changing. Long-term trends continue to indicate global temperatures are increasing and the World Meteorological Organization advised in January that 2015 was the hottest year on record, with the years 2011-2015 the warmest five year period on record. The causes of climate change are set out clearly in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report, which states that greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities are extremely likely [95-100% probability] to have been the dominant cause of observed warming since the 1950s, and that warming will continue in the absence of significant emission reductions. The Report considers the role of solar activity and finds that changes made only a small contribution to the net radiative forcing throughout the last century, and that there is high confidence that 21st century solar forcing will have a much smaller impact than the projected increased forcing due to greenhouse gases. Based on the strong scientific evidence of human-induced climate change driven by emissions of greenhouse gases, the international community is taking action through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The recent international climate  change summit in Paris in December 2015 resulted in the first legally binding global agreement on climate change which calls for a global peaking of emissions as soon as possible, with rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science. The Scottish Government is committed to playing its part in global efforts to tackle climate change, and to meeting the ambitious targets to reduce Scotland’s emissions of greenhouse gases by at least 42% by 2020, and 80% by 2050, set through the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009. I hope this is helpful in assuring you that the Scottish Government is committed to playing a leading role in international efforts to tackle climate change, based on the widely accepted
science used in the international decision making process. Yours sincerely, OLIVER ARCHER

Posted in Climate | 5 Comments

Results of Greenhouse effect quiz so far

Thanks everyone who answered the quiz “Do you understand the greenhouse effect?”DistributionOfResults
The initial result showing the distribution of scores for the 35 people who have completed the test is above. To give an idea of what results mean, the average is 25 and coincidence the PhD physicist (who doesn’t usually follow climate) who I asked to complete the test got 25.
What is interesting is the skew to the distribution.  This suggests that there’s a fundamental difference between the few who are getting in the 40s and bulk of the responses which are below 30. But given the low number, it could just be a statistical aberration.
For info, the grading was set as follows:
 

0-9 Beginner
10-19 Average
20-35 Sceptic
36-50 Professor

(Note: the original average was lower and it has now increased now that some questions are better worded).

Posted in Climate | 10 Comments

Friday Sceptic Quiz

Obviously I’ve been far too hard with the previous quiz (Do you understand the Greenhouse effect?). So to compensate, I’ve created one that doesn’t require any expert knowledge:
[WATU 3]

Posted in Climate | 2 Comments

Quiz: Do you understand the greenhouse effect?

There’s also a fun quiz about well known sceptics & similar subjects here: Quiz: Just for fun


[WATU 2]

Posted in Climate | 25 Comments

Does El Nino cause volcanoes – or do volcanoes cause El Nino?

True to form Anders has commented that ” A recent paper by Lehner et al. shows that all large eruption since 1951 coincided with El Niño events.” Of course he completely fails to realise the importance of this and then digresses into a long irrelevant articles about global warming.
But as I have predicted that warming and volcanic activity are linked, this comment obviously made me think. There are as I suggest two possibilities:

  1. That the El Nino cycle in some way triggers volcanoes.
  2. That volcanoes trigger El Nino.

The first would obviously be the climate extremists preference … because by fabricating CO2 warming they could then get headlines of “humans trigger volcanoes” (in the same way everything is caused by CO2). And yes, I have predicted that crustal heating from changes in surface temperature would lead to volcanic activity. But the scale of change is far far too small. We are probably only talking about heat within a decade penetrating a few meters into the ground. Yes that will cause some stresses, but not enough I think to trigger geological processes.
But the second one is more interesting. Today I speculated that geothermal heat in the oceans would warm the bottom layers of the oceans and cause instabilities. In effect the bottom layer would heat up until it became lighter than the water above, and then we’d see a pretty rapid overturning of the ocean layers. This would explain the semi-periodic nature of the El Nino and other cycles.
But, if we were also to see an increase in geological processes (of which the volcano were but one symptom mid way through) … then potentially the geological processes might cause both the El Nino and the volcanoes.
However, I think that observation is just too obvious for some people:

Thanks Josh cartoonsbyjosh.com

Thanks Josh cartoonsbyjosh.com

Posted in Caterpillar | 6 Comments

Is the El Nino over?

Earlier this year I proclaimed “this year global cooling”. As usual I was hedging my bets because that claim would be true even if only started to see significant cooling in December.
However, looking at the latest El Nino report, it does appear that on most measurements, the El Nino is definitely past the peak and on this one:
ElNinoOver
It appears the El Nino is not only past its peak but it has dropped so much that it is now almost going into reverse. However, it does suggest a lag of perhaps 5 months from peak to end. Which as many other metric also peaked in November, basically means it’s over for this show.
Taking the peak El Nino as December – the global temp peak usually lags between 0-3 (but once 6 months). So we’d expect a global temperature peak around February March.
More interesting, around 6months after the El Nino peak we tend to see substantial BELOW AVERAGE Temps. In case that isn’t obvious GLOBAL COOLING.
So, best guess is that the alarmist will start wetting their pants about June, July & August. If I didn’t know better I’d say Mother Nature was a Republican!
 

Posted in Goat Toads, Humour, Politics | Comments Off on Is the El Nino over?

A complete description of factors affecting global temperature

Following yesterday’s article about lapse rate I was frustrated by what I left out. So as a mental exercise, I set myself the challenge of putting down something about all the major things that affect climate and particularly global temperature.

Summary

The main things affecting global temperature can be categorised as:

  • Incoming solar radiation
  • The albedo of clouds and the surface
  • The pressure and  density of the atmosphere in terms of IR interactive molecules and this can be described using the concept of the  effective radiation height
  • The lapse rate
  • Natural variation (including ocean currents)

Continue reading

Posted in Advanced Greenhouse Theory, Caterpillar, Climate, Ice age, My Best Articles | 3 Comments